The answer is here: https://askubuntu.com/a/1264341 with a copy and paste version:
mkdir /home/you/tmp
sudo mount --bind /tmp /home/you/tmp/
Just force to set Chromium’s download folder to the /home/you/tmp
To make it permanent you can add this line to the /etc/fstab:
# <file system> <mount point> <type> <options> <dump> <pass>
/tmp /home/you/tmp auto bind 0 3
and rebuild the initrd with sudo update-initramfs -u -k all
.